<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-0 vector-toc-not-available vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-0 skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled" lang="de" dir="ltr"><head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Gleichrichtwert</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="./_res_/favicon.png">
<link rel="canonical" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichrichtwert"> <link href="./_mw_/ext.cite.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.math.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.wikimediamessages.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.icons.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.search.codex.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/skins.vector.styles.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.citeRef.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.defaultPlainlinks.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonHide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonLayout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiCommonStyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiDarkmode.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.dewikiResponsive.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="./_mw_/ext.gadget.specialSearch.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/site.styles.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_mw_/noscript.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/footer.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="./_res_/vector-2022.css">
</head>
<body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gleichrichtwert rootpage-Gleichrichtwert skin-vector-2022 action-view">
<div class="mw-page-container">
<div class="mw-page-container-inner">
<div class="mw-content-container">
<main id="content" class="mw-body">
<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gleichrichtwert</span></h1>
</header>
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container="">
<div id="contentSub">
<div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div>
</div>
<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <a href="Gleichwert" title="Gleichwert">arithmetische Mittelwert</a> einer <a href="Wechselgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Wechselgröße">Wechselgröße</a> ist null und eignet sich daher nicht, eine Wechselgröße zu charakterisieren. Die messtechnisch einfachste Möglichkeit zur Gewinnung einer quantitativen Aussage über eine Wechselgröße ist deren <b>Gleichrichtwert</b>. Dieser in der <a href="Elektrotechnik" title="Elektrotechnik">Elektrotechnik</a> verwendete Begriff steht für den <i>Mittelwert des Betrages</i> dieser Größe<sup id="cite_ref-D10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (engl. <i>average rectified value</i> (<i>ARV</i>)).
</p><p>Vorzugsweise wird der Gleichrichtwert bei <a href="Wechselstrom" title="Wechselstrom">Wechselstrom</a> oder <a href="Wechselspannung" title="Wechselspannung">Wechselspannung</a> angewendet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einführung"><span id="Einf.C3.BChrung"></span>Einführung</h2></div>
<p>Der Gleichrichtwert eines Wechselstromes gibt an, welcher Gleichstrom dieselbe Ladungsmenge transportiert wie im zeitlichen Mittel ein gleichgerichteter Wechselstrom.
</p><p>Die mathematische Definition lautet:
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c0bddd4486ae54eb37dfc50b04ff5187e409444.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.341ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Lässt sich der Verlauf des Signals nicht ohne weiteres mathematisch beschreiben, kann man zur Berechnung des Gleichrichtwertes folgendes Näherungsverfahren anwenden
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}\approx {\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}|x_{i}|={\frac {1}{n}}\left(|x_{1}|+|x_{2}|+|x_{3}|+\dotsb +|x_{n}|\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}\approx {\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}|x_{i}|={\frac {1}{n}}\left(|x_{1}|+|x_{2}|+|x_{3}|+\dotsb +|x_{n}|\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2d30ff8df4f61fead7bd90fb998d341c80c3341.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:52.105ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\left|x\right|}}\approx {\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}|x_{i}|={\frac {1}{n}}\left(|x_{1}|+|x_{2}|+|x_{3}|+\dotsb +|x_{n}|\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> Abtast- bzw. <a href="Momentanwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Momentanwert">Momentanwerte</a> sind, die in einem immer gleichen Abstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}" loading="lazy"></span> während einer Periode <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> von dem Signal abgelesen werden. Dabei ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t={\frac {T}{n}}\ .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>T</mi>
<mi>n</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t={\frac {T}{n}}\ .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c102241a9b50d9a5bcdd121a6e1d7dec647c71be.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.574ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t={\frac {T}{n}}\ .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Reihenfolge – erst Betrag, dann Mittelwert bilden – darf nicht vertauscht werden. Deshalb muss sie an der Schreibweise (siehe oben) erkennbar sein. Zu vermeiden sind die Schreibweisen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\overline {x}}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\overline {x}}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32c3b612d8f99e26d8ef628c127ac92c64f745d3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.738ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\overline {x}}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span> (falsche Reihenfolge) und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |{\overset {-}{x}}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |{\overset {-}{x}}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4a6cf8471539fa172e0aceadd13a9f6e52416b24.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.623ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |{\overset {-}{x}}|}" loading="lazy"></span> (unklare Reihenfolge).
</p><p>Für den besonders häufig vorkommenden Fall einer sinusförmigen Wechselgröße ist der Gleichrichtwert das (2/π)-fache des maximalen Wertes (<a href="Scheitelwert" title="Scheitelwert">Scheitelwert</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung_in_der_Messtechnik">Anwendung in der Messtechnik</h2></div>
<p>Anzeigende Messgeräte in der <a href="Messtechnik" title="Messtechnik">Messtechnik</a> müssen so langsam arbeiten, dass man die <a href="Messwert" title="Messwert">Messwerte</a> ablesen kann. Bei schnellen Änderungen, die das menschliche Auge nicht erfassen kann, zeigen sie eine gemittelte Größe an, z. B. elektromechanisch gemittelt mit <a href="Drehspulmesswerk" title="Drehspulmesswerk">Drehspulmesswerk</a>, elektronisch gemittelt mit <a href="Dual-Slope-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-Slope-Verfahren">Dual-Slope-Verfahren</a>, siehe auch <a href="Digitale_Messtechnik" title="Digitale Messtechnik">Digitale Messtechnik</a>. Der Mittelwert einer Wechselgröße ist aber gleich null (gemäß Definition einer Wechselgröße, siehe <sup id="cite_ref-D10_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Die einfachste Möglichkeit zur Messung der Wechselgröße besteht in der Messung ihres <i>Gleichrichtwertes</i>. Eine aufwändigere Möglichkeit besteht in der Messung ihres <i><a href="Effektivwert" title="Effektivwert">Effektivwertes</a></i>. Physikalisch gesehen ist dieser das Gleichstromäquivalent in Blick auf die <i><a href="Wirkleistung" title="Wirkleistung">Wirkleistung</a></i> der Wechselgröße. In der Technik ist der Effektivwert wesentlich bedeutsamer; Wechselgrößen-Messgeräte sind darauf ausgelegt, dass <i>dieser</i> Wert angezeigt wird.
</p><p>Dennoch sind den Gleichrichtwert bildende Messgeräte weit verbreitet. Sie zeigen aber nicht den Gleichrichtwert an, sondern das 1,11-fache davon. Das ist bei Sinus-Verlauf der Effektivwert, siehe unten bei „Vergleich“. Damit zeigen die Geräte den Effektivwert an – aufgrund der Erfassung des Gleichrichtwertes. Sinnvoll und korrekt ist das einzig für den sinusförmigen Verlauf, der allerdings in vielen Wechselgrößen-Messaufgaben vorkommt. Für jeden anderen Signalverlauf ist die Anwendung der Geräte aber fragwürdig bis sinnlos, siehe unten bei „Konsequenz“.
</p><p>Ebenfalls fragwürdig bis sinnlos ist die Messung eines Wechselsignals, dem ein Gleichsignal überlagert ist, siehe unten bei „Mischspannung“. Deshalb besteht bei manchen Messgeräte die zusätzliche Möglichkeit den Wechselanteil alleine zu erfassen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herleitung">Herleitung</h2></div>
<p>Der Mittelwert wird in einem Signal-Zeit-Diagramm bestimmt aus der Fläche, die sich in der Höhe zwischen der Signallinie und der Nulllinie erstreckt und in der Breite über die Dauer einer vollen Periode. Ein Rechteck mit demselben Flächeninhalt und derselben Breite hat die mittlere Höhe der Fläche; diese Höhe ist der Mittelwert. Den Flächeninhalt bestimmt man durch Integration, beim Rechteck durch Multiplikation.
</p><p>Entsprechend ergibt sich der Gleichrichtwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81036580ae047beb01df49aacf5003af9bab3e6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der Fläche des gleichgerichteten Signals; das bedeutet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }\cdot T=\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }\cdot T=\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb11f07d0784b69c746f23d4d8962142801bd225.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.898ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }\cdot T=\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Daraus ergibt sich die Formel
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eed9ce9ad4ed71472eb3bc78716f2888a3ee1cd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.442ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Aus dieser allgemeinen Form lassen sich spezielle Ergebnisse ableiten, wie im Folgenden dargestellt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinusgröße"><span id="Sinusgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe"></span>Sinusgröße</h3></div>
<p>Eine sinusförmige Wechselgröße, kurz Sinusgröße, genügt der Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }={\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t+\varphi _{x})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }={\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t+\varphi _{x})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f3751fc72df84f3d0a5b55be298d8a3e540fd9ad.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.922ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x(t)_{\mathrm {signal} }={\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t+\varphi _{x})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Da die Fläche über eine ganze Periode der Funktion zu bilden ist, ist diese unabhängig vom Anfangszeitpunkt der Fläche. Ein Nullphasenwinkel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{x}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{x}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/100cafc2dfd22a24d52d92bf8ae050e48e57e5e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.693ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{x}}" loading="lazy"></span> braucht nicht beachtet zu werden; er wird zur Vereinfachung zu 0 angesetzt.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8bfbc69358fd6619be1248c3b1be49577eeac99b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.069ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wie das Bild zeigt, ist das gleichgerichtete Signal bereits nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6edff571ba0308c0deac38b0f38f0c3e6e1c9638.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.961ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T/2}" loading="lazy"></span> periodisch, so dass die Rechnung mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6edff571ba0308c0deac38b0f38f0c3e6e1c9638.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.961ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T/2}" loading="lazy"></span> statt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> durchgeführt werden kann.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{\frac {T}{2}}}\int _{0}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mfrac>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{\frac {T}{2}}}\int _{0}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/76eef9a6e6e07904e08d1f5562c318c1ef607ef6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:28.045ex; height:7.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1}{\frac {T}{2}}}\int _{0}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {x}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq T/2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq T/2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c02e4e9dfb0b42b6ffb92297c41c4c50be5727c7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq t\leq T/2}" loading="lazy"></span> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin(\omega t)\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin(\omega t)\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b7559d1ad7e6366a27260f87a47a7348eee2b25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.211ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin(\omega t)\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span> , so dass das Betragszeichen entfallen kann.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2{\hat {x}}}{T}}{\bigg [}-{\frac {1}{\omega }}\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{t=0}^{\frac {T}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2{\hat {x}}}{T}}{\bigg [}-{\frac {1}{\omega }}\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{t=0}^{\frac {T}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/60f40721339b870124f5e6e0a1e7074be9388c01.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:28.009ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2{\hat {x}}}{T}}{\bigg [}-{\frac {1}{\omega }}\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{t=0}^{\frac {T}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/689caf6d9f39dbc57a3d4ee99c82c98e31193e72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.875ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {2\pi }{T}}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}{\bigg [}-\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{\omega t=0}^{\pi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}{\bigg [}-\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{\omega t=0}^{\pi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fd8317e23e5e729db8f5a31386b2dc80ff9e1b3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:25.203ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}{\bigg [}-\cos(\omega t){\bigg ]}_{\omega t=0}^{\pi }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \cos(0)=1;\ \cos(\pi )=-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>;</mo>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \cos(0)=1;\ \cos(\pi )=-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/216f81f0e03f9e132a10468564d16a2fe41b285b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:24.667ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \cos(0)=1;\ \cos(\pi )=-1}" loading="lazy"></span> vereinfacht sich das zu
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}(1+1)={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,636</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}(1+1)={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5781a8e1aa816f4d45cf6deff43be716e058656d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:34.89ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {x}}{\pi }}(1+1)={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angeschnittene_Sinusspannung">Angeschnittene Sinusspannung</h3></div>
<p>Die häufig durch <a href="Phasenanschnitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasenanschnitt">Phasenanschnitt</a> entstehende, im nebenstehenden Bild links gezeigte Spannung ist im Wesentlichen eine Sinusspannung, aber nach jedem Nulldurchgang bleibt sie auf null, und erst eine Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle aT}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle aT}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9115ce3076050bd5945fac32f906bdc29d5af053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.866ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle aT}" loading="lazy"></span> danach wird wieder der Sinusverlauf eingeschaltet. Für diese Spannung ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{aT}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {u}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>T</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>T</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{aT}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {u}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dc8aa3b1a85d80c609c75f1320022ac288b76c92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.688ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{aT}^{\frac {T}{2}}|{\hat {u}}\cdot \sin(\omega t)|\mathrm {d} t}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {u}}{\pi }}\left[1+\cos(2a\pi )\right]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {u}}{\pi }}\left[1+\cos(2a\pi )\right]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10241d0ba3ff3f8ccfe551355ead426ce9b70539.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.081ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {\hat {u}}{\pi }}\left[1+\cos(2a\pi )\right]}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit 0 ≤ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> < ½.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gepulste_Spannung">Gepulste Spannung</h3></div>
<p>Die im nebenstehenden Bild oben gezeigte Spannung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> ist eine <a href="Mischspannung" title="Mischspannung">Mischspannung</a>; sie entsteht aus einer periodisch für die Dauer <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle aT}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle aT}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9115ce3076050bd5945fac32f906bdc29d5af053.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.866ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle aT}" loading="lazy"></span> ein- und für den Rest der Periodendauer ausgeschalteten positiven Gleichspannung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span>. Da es hier keine negativen Momentanwerte gibt, sind Mittelwert und Gleichrichtwert gleich groß;
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}=u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\cdot a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}=u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\cdot a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8936e480d5ee374427ee190ff1a42cf36cd7fa51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.819ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}=u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\cdot a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit 0 ≤ <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> ≤ 1. Die Grenzfälle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = 0 und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1 liefern die nie eingeschaltete und die immer eingeschaltete Spannung.
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ae463cd0f2dcc7027f17a2a0bd695112c88aa5e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.445ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der Gleichanteil der Mischspannung, der von einem Wechselanteil überlagert wird.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wechselanteil">Wechselanteil</h3></div>
<p>Den Wechselanteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we} }=u-{\overline {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we} }=u-{\overline {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1823ddaaece69991e00eb7843ed7cdb6a2ec855e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.192ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we} }=u-{\overline {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der gepulsten Spannung zeigt das Bild unten links. Hier ist wieder der Mittelwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {u_{\mathrm {we} }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {u_{\mathrm {we} }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1ef1ca732e03cc7b314f894af337df900737562e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.593ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {u_{\mathrm {we} }}}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 0.
</p><p>Durch Gleichrichtung erhält man den daneben gezeigten Verlauf; den Gleichrichtwert erhält man aus dessen Mittelwert. Die Fläche während der Dauer einer Periode besteht aus zwei Rechtecken, die jeweils die Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\;T\cdot a(1-a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\;T\cdot a(1-a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3e00e051834b43a36606c406c366093ac598112.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.015ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\;T\cdot a(1-a)}" loading="lazy"></span> haben. Damit wird
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\cdot 2a(1-a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\cdot 2a(1-a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2daef00df518a7d5a6336ed010fbe73d01aeaea8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:21.978ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\cdot 2a(1-a)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mischspannung">Mischspannung</h3></div>
<p>Bei einer Mischspannung sind zwei Fälle zu unterscheiden.
</p><p>1. In nebenstehenden Bild ist links der Gleichanteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/343f0d6cf53623ba3068c8c8770bd172d296b57d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.841ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}" loading="lazy"></span> (dem Betrage nach) größer als der Scheitelwert des Wechselanteils <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30a8faffd18c6cf60aeb0d957520a3111d6a1421.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}" loading="lazy"></span> . Die Kurve schneidet nicht die Nulllinie. In diesem Fall ist der Gleichrichtwert gleich dem Betrag des Gleichanteils. Eine Information über den Wechselanteil ist nicht enthalten.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\overline {|u|}}=|u_{\mathrm {gl} }|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\overline {|u|}}=|u_{\mathrm {gl} }|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eb64b46ef2488aad7a1e98de7c4205d4e6b5bbe0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.556ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\overline {|u|}}=|u_{\mathrm {gl} }|}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>2. Im Bild ist rechts der Gleichanteil <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/343f0d6cf53623ba3068c8c8770bd172d296b57d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.841ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {gl} }}" loading="lazy"></span> (dem Betrage nach) kleiner als der Scheitelwert des Wechselanteils <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30a8faffd18c6cf60aeb0d957520a3111d6a1421.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {u}}_{\mathrm {we} }}" loading="lazy"></span> . Die Kurve schneidet die Nulllinie. In diesem Fall ist die Bestimmung eines Gleichrichtwertes nicht sinnvoll; er enthält weder eine Aussage zum Gleichanteil noch zum Wechselanteil noch zu deren Verhältnis.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Signalformen">Weitere Signalformen</h3></div>
<p>Für Gleichrichtwerte bei einigen weiteren Signalverläufen siehe Tabelle bei <a href="Formfaktor_(Elektrotechnik)" title="Formfaktor (Elektrotechnik)">Formfaktor</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vergleich_Effektivwert_mit_Gleichrichtwert">Vergleich Effektivwert mit Gleichrichtwert</h2></div>
<p>Das Verhältnis von <a href="Effektivwert" title="Effektivwert">Effektivwert</a> zu Gleichrichtwert bezeichnet man als <a href="Formfaktor_(Elektrotechnik)" title="Formfaktor (Elektrotechnik)">Formfaktor</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {x_{\mathrm {eff} }}{x_{\mathrm {glr} }}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {x_{\mathrm {eff} }}{x_{\mathrm {glr} }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cf923f3553223eedfd596afc144115de2f948318.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:9.798ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {x_{\mathrm {eff} }}{x_{\mathrm {glr} }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Mit diesem lässt sich die Kurvenform einer Wechsel- oder Mischgröße beurteilen. Er ist ≥ 1 und umso größer, je „bizarrer“ der Verlauf ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_Sinusgröße"><span id="F.C3.BCr_Sinusgr.C3.B6.C3.9Fe"></span>Für Sinusgröße</h3></div>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Gleichrichtwert: </td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,636</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2706e2492fd76daa4ed76db2dd6906ed82b512d1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.649ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {2}{\pi }}{\hat {x}}=0{,}6366\cdot {\hat {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Effektivwert:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {eff} }={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\hat {x}}=0{,}7071\cdot {\hat {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,707</mn>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {eff} }={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\hat {x}}=0{,}7071\cdot {\hat {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1221cad45a8bc9c5bfe15a47105e48f4f59a2ac4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:24.444ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\mathrm {eff} }={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\hat {x}}=0{,}7071\cdot {\hat {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Formfaktor:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {2}{\pi }}}={\frac {\pi }{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}={\frac {\pi }{\sqrt {8}}}=1{,}111}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
<mfrac>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msqrt>
<mn>8</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,111</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {2}{\pi }}}={\frac {\pi }{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}={\frac {\pi }{\sqrt {8}}}=1{,}111}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2755d260dce092aa06909a31db1e4c1d76d3b6e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:34.612ex; height:8.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\frac {2}{\pi }}}={\frac {\pi }{2\cdot {\sqrt {2}}}}={\frac {\pi }{\sqrt {8}}}=1{,}111}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_angeschnittene_Sinusspannung"><span id="F.C3.BCr_angeschnittene_Sinusspannung"></span>Für angeschnittene Sinusspannung</h3></div>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Gleichrichtwert: </td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1+\cos(2a\pi )}{\pi }}{\hat {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1+\cos(2a\pi )}{\pi }}{\hat {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8201ed6902e5903a158aec07ac32bcefa2bd8f9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.398ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }={\frac {1+\cos(2a\pi )}{\pi }}{\hat {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Effektivwert:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}-a+{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\sin(4a\pi )}}\ {\hat {u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}-a+{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\sin(4a\pi )}}\ {\hat {u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5f57a50db71b6233122d0e139b6ad39d6e91eebb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:31.864ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{2}}-a+{\frac {1}{4\pi }}\sin(4a\pi )}}\ {\hat {u}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Formfaktor:</td>
<td>Auf die Angabe der Gleichung wird verzichtet, da sich nichts kürzen lässt.
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Bei <i>a</i> = 1/4 (Einschalten im Scheitel) ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\pi }{2}}=1{,}571}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1,571</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\pi }{2}}=1{,}571}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bff0cd5fdb59a07088e35ca6ce499cef9ef9d57f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.009ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}={\frac {\pi }{2}}=1{,}571}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_gepulste_Spannung"><span id="F.C3.BCr_gepulste_Spannung"></span>Für gepulste Spannung</h3></div>
<p>Der Grenzfall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = 0 liefert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> = 0 und wird von dem Vergleich ausgeschlossen.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Gleichrichtwert: </td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\;a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\;a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81b96e748ee7b50bbb4ffe8792001d92ee09b15b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.242ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {glr} }=U\;a}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Effektivwert:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }=U{\sqrt {a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }=U{\sqrt {a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/57ee094e1a2e5394d154082fc38ccea12636a910.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.562ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {eff} }=U{\sqrt {a}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Formfaktor:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/{\sqrt {a}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/{\sqrt {a}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e2b734ec410828d1d18e4bcc5065c2f7bfddb35e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:10.937ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/{\sqrt {a}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Für_Wechselanteil_der_gepulsten_Spannung"><span id="F.C3.BCr_Wechselanteil_der_gepulsten_Spannung"></span>Für Wechselanteil der gepulsten Spannung</h3></div>
<p>Die Grenzfälle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = 0 und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1 enthalten keinen Wechselanteil und werden ausgeschlossen.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Gleichrichtwert: </td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\;2a(1-a)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\;2a(1-a)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5988a2128853229251ceb78f810beb72d194775b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.944ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ glr} }=U\;2a(1-a)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Effektivwert:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ eff} }=U{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>u</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ eff} }=U{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/32cea3c3e31788637ce0672e30c18083a42edac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.489ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u_{\mathrm {we\ eff} }=U{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Formfaktor:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/\left({2{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/\left({2{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/84fb748ddae7f5f05d3f5402a76ec35adc39edec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.692ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}=1/\left({2{\sqrt {a(1-a)}}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Für den Fall des symmetrischen Pulses mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ffd2487510aa438433a2579450ab2b3d557e5edc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.23ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a}" loading="lazy"></span> = ½ ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1, für jeden anderen Fall > 1. Wenn z. B. die Spannung nur für 1 % der Zeit eingeschaltet ist, wird <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 5,0.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Messtechnische_Konsequenz">Messtechnische Konsequenz</h2></div>
<p>Durch ein den Gleichrichtwert bildendes Messgerät kann eine beträchtliche <a href="Messabweichung" title="Messabweichung">Messabweichung</a> entstehen, da es so skaliert und justiert wird, dass der angezeigte Wert ein Effektivwert sein soll.
</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<td>Angezeigter Wert: </td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{a}=1{,}11\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{a}=1{,}11\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d074fcb95fb0949cde330747227a0f930c394dcd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:14.829ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{a}=1{,}11\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Richtiger Wert:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{r}=x_{\mathrm {eff} }=k_{f}\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">f</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{r}=x_{\mathrm {eff} }=k_{f}\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a213e76974184b9e14bab01d3112d927df1a63df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.528ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{r}=x_{\mathrm {eff} }=k_{f}\cdot x_{\mathrm {glr} }}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Relativer Fehler:</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f={\frac {x_{a}-x_{r}}{x_{r}}}={\frac {1{,}11}{k_{f}}}-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>11</mn>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f={\frac {x_{a}-x_{r}}{x_{r}}}={\frac {1{,}11}{k_{f}}}-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb2f6205deaa2a39e004a300387e9499e58736d9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.86ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f={\frac {x_{a}-x_{r}}{x_{r}}}={\frac {1{,}11}{k_{f}}}-1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1,00</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> = + 11 %</td>
<td>Anzeige deutlich zu groß
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1,11</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> = ± 0</td>
<td>Anzeige frei vom Kurvenform-Fehler
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 1,57</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> = − 29 %</td>
<td>Anzeige erheblich zu klein
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k_{f}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k_{f}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c605164ffa6fcbf87a13de7b7370b96614354f05.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k_{f}}" loading="lazy"></span> = 5,0</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> = − 78 %</td>
<td>Anzeige katastrophal zu klein;
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>nur 22 % des Effektivwertes werden angezeigt.
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Bei der Verwendung dieser Geräte ist also Vorsicht geboten. Der relative Fehler durch die Kurvenform kann den Bereich „wenige Prozent“ leicht überschreiten. Die Sinusform ist noch am ehesten bei der Spannung im Energieversorgungsnetz vorzufinden; dort ist das Einsatzgebiet dieser Geräte. Aber selbst die <a href="Netzspannung" title="Netzspannung">Netzspannung</a> wird durch die Vielzahl von elektronischen, nicht linearen Lasten verzerrt. Erst recht wird die Stromaufnahme aus dem Netz oft so stark verzerrt, dass mit der Messung des Gleichrichtwertes keine vernünftige Aussage über die Stromstärke getroffen werden kann.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<p>Viele Lehrbücher der Messtechnik oder der Elektrotechnik, beispielsweise
</p>
<ul><li>Kurt Bergmann: <i>Elektrische Messtechnik.</i> Vieweg, 2000, 6. Aufl., S. 18.</li>
<li>Wilfried Weißgerber: <i>Elektrotechnik für Ingenieure 2.</i> Springer Vieweg, 2013, 8. Aufl., S. 2.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-D10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-D10_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-D10_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">DIN 40110-1:1994</span>
</li>
</ol></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
Dieser Artikel wurde von <a class="external text" title="Zuletzt bearbeitet am 2025-09-03" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Gleichrichtwert&oldid=259426167">Wikipedia</a> herausgegeben. Der Text ist unter <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> verfügbar, sofern nicht anders angegeben. Für die Mediendateien können zusätzliche Bedingungen gelten.
</div>
</div><!--/htdig_noindex--></div>
</div>
</main>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script src="./_webp_/webpHandler.js"></script>
</body></html>